Chapter 7 Vocabulary 3 Crossword

a young person learning a trade from a master
a salaried worker employed by a guild master
Jerusalem and other places where Christians believe Jesus had lived and preached
(1042-1099) was the leader of the Roman Catholic church at the time the Seljuk Turks were threatening the Byzantine empire. He convened the Council of Clermont, where he launched the First Crusade to win the Holy Land from the Muslims.
During the 1400s, the campaign by European Christians to drive the Muslims from present-day Spain
were the king of Aragon and the queen of Castille. Their marriage joined the two countries to become the country of Spain. Their military efforts were responsible for the final success of the Reconquista.
A Church court set up to try people accused of heresy
a series of wars from the 1000s through 1200s in which European Christians tried to win control of the Holy Land from Muslims
(1028–1087) became the Duke of Normandy at age 7 and was knighted at age 15. He pressured King Edward of England to name him heir to the throne. Upon Edward's death, William invaded England and won the throne after the Battle of Hastings in 1066.
a legal system based on custom and court rulings
(c.1166–1216) was a son of King Henry II. He seized control of the English throne when his brother, King Richard the Lionheart, was captured while on crusade. Conflicts with the English nobles led to John's forced signature to Magna Carta in 1215, which limited the power of the English kings.
The Great Charter approved by King John of England in 1215; it limited royal power and established certain rights of English freemen
the requirement that the government act fairly and in accordance with established rules in all that it does
principle that a person cannot be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime
the legislature of England, and later of Great Britain
(1214–1270) was King of France from 1226 to 1270. He was one of the most popular kings of France. He led the Seventh Crusade to the Holy Land and was canonized as a saint in recognition of his faith and services to the Church.
empire of west central Europe from 962 to 1806, comprising present-day Germany and neighboring lands
(1050–1106) was a German king who became Holy Roman Emperor in 1084. His efforts to increase the power of the monarchy led him into conflict with Pope Gregory VIII over lay investiture. Gregory excommunicated Henry but later reinstated him in the church after Henry did penance.
(c.1025–1085) achieved success in his battle with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV on the matter of lay investiture. He greatly expanded papal power by claiming his supremacy over secular rulers.
appointment of bishops by anyone who is not a member of the clergy
(c.1123–1190) was a German king who became Holy Roman Emperor in 1152. He fought hard against growing papal authority and led six expeditions into Italy in an attempt to increase his royal holdings. He died while on the Third Crusade.
(c.1160–1216) was only 37 years old when he became pope and quickly extended the authority of the papacy over Rome and in Italy. When King John of England appointed the archbishop of Canterbury without Innocent's approval, the pope excommunicated John.