Chapter 7 Vocabulary 2 Crossword

during the Middle Ages in Europe, a lord's estate that included one or more villages and the surrounding lands
in medieval Europe, a peasant bound to the lord's land
sacred ritual of the Roman Catholic Church
rules drawn up in 530 by Benedict, a monk, regulating monastic life. The Rule emphasizes obedience, poverty, and chastity and divides the day into periods of worship, work, and study
having to do with worldly, rather than religious, matters; nonreligious
the claim of medieval popes that they had authority over all secular rulers
body of laws of a church
exclusion from the Roman Catholic Church as a penalty for refusing to obey Church law
in the Roman Catholic Church, excommunication of an entire region, town, or kingdom
a medieval European monk who traveled from place to place preaching to the poor
(1181?–1226) came from a wealthy family and had been a fun-loving and worldly young man. He gave up his wealth to “walk in the footsteps” of Jesus. The first Franciscan friars were his followers, and together they lived a life of service to the poor and sick. Francis regarded all nature as the mirror of God, and called animals his brothers and sisters. Famous stories tell of him preaching to the birds and convincing a wolf to stop attacking townspeople, if they, in turn, would feed the wolf. The Church made him a saint in 1228.
holy image of Christ, the Virgin Mary, or a saint venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church
the official split between the Roman Catholic and Byzantine churches that occurred in 1054; another event was the Great Western Schism, a period when rival popes fought for exclusive power and divided the Roman Catholic Church from 1378–1417
prejudice against Jews
the practice of lending money at interest
a split or divide
in the Middle Ages, a written document that set out the rights and privileges of a town
money or wealth used to invest in business or enterprise
a group of merchants who joined together to finance a large-scale venture that would have been too costly for any individual trader
someone who would pay rent to a lord to farm part of the lord's land
a group of people, including merchants, traders, and artisans, whose rank was between nobles and peasants
in the Middle Ages, an association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to uphold standards of their trade and to protect their economic interests