Chapters 5,6, and 7 Crossword

A form of government in which the leader is not a monarch and certain citizens have the right to vote. This was established in 509 B.C. once Romans overthrew the last Etruscan King.
Were great landowners, who became Rome's ruling class. It was one of the two groups established in Early Rome's government.
Consisted of less wealthy landholders, craftspeople, merchants, and small farmers who were all part of a large group. The men in this group were allowed to vote, but couldn't be elected to governmental offices.
One of the two groups of chief executive officers of the Roman Republic.
Was in charge of civil law that were applied to Roman citizens.
Group of people who elected officials, such as consuls and praetors, and passed laws. Because it was organized by classes based on wealth, the wealthiest citizens always had a majority.
Is a type of government ruled by three people with equal power.
Commander in chief; the word would later turn into the term emperor. During Roman history, the title was given to Augustus.
A rapid increases in prices.
A Roman general who became part of the 1st Triumvirate. He would later become the official dictator of Rome in 47 B.C.
He became the first Christian emperor and let Christianity prosper.
A prime minister that was the head of the council, who would also advise the caliph
"Holder of power"; a Muslim ruler.
Muslim houses of worship.
Covered market, was an important part of every Muslim city or town.
A gift of money or property.
Growing just enough crops for personal use, not for sale.
Served as the basic building blocks of African society. Another term for the large communities created in the African society.
An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the positions of the stars and planets
A tall slender tower, typically part of a mosque, with a balcony from which a muezzin calls Muslims to prayer.
Decorations that were repeated over and over in geometric patterns that completely covered the surfaces of objects.
A ruler in each tribe that was chosen from one of the leading families by a council of elders.
Muslim law code that provides believers with a set of practical laws to regulate their daily lives.
"Struggle in the way of God"; a fair, defensive warfare that was permitted by the Quran.
A mixed African-American culture, that began to emerge throughout the coastal area in Eastern Africa.
Is a group of independent villages in South Africa that was organized by clans and led by a local ruler or clan head.
A group where Muslims accept only the descendants of Ali as the true rulers of Islam.
A group where Muslims did not all agree with Umayyad rule but accepted the Umayyads as rulers.
One of the most powerful kings who ruled from 1312 to 1337; he doubled the size of the kingdom of Mali, created a strong central government, and divided the kingdom into provinces ruled by governors whom he appointed.
Was the wealthiest and most powerful state in the region from 1300 to about 1450.
Societies in which the descent is traced through the mother
Societies in which the descent is traced through the father.
Storytellers who were able to keep people's history alive.
Rome's first code of laws.
Was established around 800 B.C. on the coast of North Africa by the Phoenicians. They were known for going to war with Rome, creating the Punic Wars.