Chapter 19: Latin America (Definitions) Crossword

First area of Spanish exploration and settlement; served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience; encomienda system of colonial management initiated here.
First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World.
Grant of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earilest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies.
The holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay a tribute or provide labor. The encomendro was responsible for their integration into the church.
Capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.
Spanish colonial administrative unit including Central America, Mexico, and southeast and southwest of the present-day United States.
Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the-religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperical control.
Mine located in upper Peru (modern Bolivia); largest of New World silver mines; produced 80 percent of all Peruvian silver.
Location of greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Potosi.
Rural estatesin Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy.
Merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to ­America and handled much of the silver received in return.
Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for ­transportation of bullion.
Signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession in New World; reserved Brazil and all newly discovered lands east of Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain.
University-trained ­lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy; exercised both ­legislative and administrative functions.
Body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in New World; basis of law in the Indies.
Body within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised king on all ­matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World.
Two major divisions of Spanish colonies in New World; one based in Lima; the other in Mexico City; direct representatives of the king.
Senior government ­officials in Spanish America; ruled as direct representative of the king over the principal administrative units or viceroyalties; usually high-ranking Spanish nobles with previous ­military or governmental experience. The Portuguese also used viceroys who resided in Goa for their ­possessions in the Indian Ocean, and then after the mid Seventeenth century for their colony in Brazil.
Royal court of appeals established in Spanish colonies of New World; there were 16 ­throughout Spanish America; part of colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates.
Strips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for development; enjoyed limited success in developing the colony.
Backwoodsmen from São Paulo in Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals and slaves during 17th century.
Region of Brazil located in mountainous interior where gold strikes were discovered in 1695; became location for gold rush.
Brazilian port; close to mines of Minas Gerais; importance grew with gold strikes; became ­colonial capital in 1763.
American social system based on racial ­origins; Europeans or whites at top, black slaves or Native Americans at ­bottom, mixed races in middle.
People living in the New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain.
Whites born in the New World; dominated local Latin American economies and ranked just beneath peninsulares.
Clubs and ­associations dedicated to ­improvements and reform in ­Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material ­improvements rather than political reform.
Resulted from Bourbon family’s succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, loss of some lands, grants of commercial rights to English and French.
One of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada (Colombia) in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels.