prob stats ch 1 vocab Crossword

facts or figures from which conclusions can be drawn
collection of methods of planning experiments, obtaining data, organizing, summarizing, analyzing, presenting, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on data
complete and entire collection of elements to be studied
collection of data from every element in a population
subset of a population
measured characteristics of a population
measured characteristic of a sample
expressing a certain quantity, amount or range
is a categorical measurement expressed not in terms of numbers, but rather by means of a natural language description
data can be numeric -- like numbers of apples -- but it can also be categorical -- like red or blue, or male or female, or good or bad
data are not restricted to defined separate values, but can occupy any value over a continuous range
a discrete classification of data, in which data are neither measured nor ordered but subjects are merely allocated to distinct categories
data type where the variables have natural, ordered categories and the distances between the categories is not known
the distance between attributes
Result of one number or quantity divided by another
attempt to understand cause-and-effect relationships
type of data collected by observing many subjects (such as individuals, firms, countries, or regions) at the same point of time, or without regard to differences in time
exposure to the risk factor at some date in the past and followed up to the present to determine incidence rates
exposure to the risk factor at some date in the past and followed up to the present to determine incidence rates
watches for outcomes, such as the development of a disease, during the study period and relates this to other factors such as suspected risk or protection factor(s)
occurs when the experimental controls do not allow the experimenter to reasonably eliminate plausible alternative explanations for an observed relationship between independent and dependent variables
practice of keeping patients in the dark as to whether they are receiving a placebo or not. It can also refer to allocation concealment, which is used to avoid selection bias
In an experiment, subjects respond differently after they receive a treatment, even if the treatment is neutral. A neutral treatment that has no "real" effect on the dependent variable is called a placebo, and a subject's positive response to a placebo is called the
A testing procedure, designed to eliminate biased results, in which the identity of those receiving a test treatment is concealed from both administrators and subjects until after the study is completed
a group of subjects that are similar in the ways that might affect the outcome of an experiment
repetition of an experimental condition so that the variability associated with the phenomenon can be estimated
sample members from a larger population are selected according to a random starting point and a fixed periodic interval
is made up of people who are easy to reach. Consider the following example. A pollster interviews shoppers at a local mall
the researcher divides the population into separate groups, called strata. Then, a probability sample (often a simple random sample ) is drawn from each group
researcher divides the population into separate groups, called clusters. Then, a simple random sample of clusters is selected from the population
is the error caused by observing a sample instead of the whole population
is a catch-all term for the deviations of estimates from their true values that are not a function of the sample chosen, including various systematic errors and random errors that are not due to sampling.
a method of selecting a sample (random sample) from a statistical population in such a way that every possible sample that could be selected has a predetermined probability of being selected.